Why did spawn leave atmosphere

But there is a lot to be learned at startups, and some people thrive in the sink or swim mentality often present in new companies. Since there is a lot riding on a startup's success, emotions can run high and work loads can be significant. However, that high stress atmosphere can spawn great creativity, innovation, and reward. Those who work in startups are some of the most talented people in their respective fields, and they're there because they want to build something of value.

It's not just a job for those who work at startups; it's a mission. There are a million other things that these people could do that offer better security and remuneration - but they choose to take a risk to do something they believe in. It's incredibly inspiring. The first thing most people mention when you bring up startup culture is the work-life balance.

Or in some cases, the lack of work-life balance. Startups are filled with people who are passionate about seeing a product or service come to life, and that usually entails long or odd hours.

Culture has us believe people at startups ride scooters to their next meeting where they play foosball to brainstorm, but the reality is that startups require a level of dedication from each individual that you might not see at a corporation or big business. Long term success can greatly depend on the hard work of each individual employee hired by the startup.

They are also often quick to hire and quick to fire. It is great for figuring out what you're best at and excelling in it. So if you want to grow professionally, this is the place for you. The lack of structure at startup companies lends itself to more than just your typical working day. You may find that the lines of workweek and weekend begin to blur, as you while away the time hoping that your efforts will produce success. Harsh, mostly unintelligible, but on point every time and partially especially towards the climax of "Apparition" extremely fast.

It was a sad day when I opened the band page in the hopes of maybe seeing a follow-up to Incurso and instead saw those dreaded red letters in the status column: Split-up. This album was truly a one of a kind release and an absolute behemoth to follow up on so maybe it is best to have this as Spawn of Possessions ultimate album, in both the modern and original meaning of the word. Though I had heard of Spawn of Possession of quite some time before the release of this album, they hadn't really struck to me.

Noctambulant was a solid release, albeit a fairly repetitive one. Fast-forward to the year , where I decided to check the album out to see if I would be impressed, and oh man, was I in a surprise. Incurso is very technical, even by TDM standards. One of the strong points of this album is far more memorable and varying: The main issue that I had with Noctambulant was that the songs meshed together a little too well.

Now I can't say anything for Cabinet , but this was a drawback for that album. This one, on the other hand, has more variety in songs due to more tempo changes and different atmospheres in each song. The bass is relevant as well, thanks to the superb work of Erland Caspersen, the increase of lead bass work is increased.

A problem with many bassists these days is the lack of credit that they get, generally being the sidekick to the guitarist. Such an example of said bass lead is in the beginning of Servitude of Souls. It's brutal, yet atmospheric: From the dark riffs to Rondum's Motor Mouth that are also deep enough, on top of insanely fast music that also has atmosphere, they also focus on capturing a sense of unease through countless amounts of riffs. The one drawback to this album, I'd say would be shiny production: Now I'm not one for gritty production nor am I one who gets disgusted by clean production, but man is this slick, even for tech death standards.

Now I understand that technical death metal needs some good production, but this is pretty much overkill on that part. But despite the personal con, I thoroughly enjoyed this album, and it is, for a lack of better term, an almost flawless masterpiece. We're slightly halfway into the era, and I feel that this will be the death metal album of the decade. When I got this album back in , that was my opinion back then.

It's been 5 years and only a few albums since then have came close No album is perfect, but this comes close. Grab if you love some tech-death, and even if it's not your cup of tea. Originally written for TVTropes, rewritten to meet standards. Since we last saw Spawn of Possession in with Noctambulant , the landscape of death metal has seen a drastic change.

Let's step into the Way-Back Machine, to a different era with a different sound. When Spawn of Possession were in their heyday during the early part of the century, death metal was a genre where pushing the limits of speed, technicality and tempo were the standard, not the exception.

Bands like Necrophagist, Augury, Lykathea Aflame and Anata were the modern Titans, and most death metal fans at least the ones I knew worshiped at the altars of Suffocation, Gorguts, Atheist and Cryptopsy. Death metal didn't just flirt with jazz and classical music, they were starting to become attached at the hip. Rampant experimentation was commonplace, and the sheer technical prowess of the musicians in these bands rivaled musicians in any genre.

Death metal was becoming a bit of a thinking man's genre, much to the chagrin of old-school purists, who quickly and loudly decried the end of death metal. But the times have changed, or perhaps more accurately reverted. Those temples to the likes of Suffocation and Gorguts have long been sacked and torn asunder.

Now the land is once again filled with monuments to Incantation, Angelcorpse and Entombed, and death metal has largely returned to the sounds of the late 80's and early 90's. Experimentation still exists, but even these bands have roots in classic, well worn sounds long ago established by a group of aging musicians, whose bands now seem to be reforming left and right Purtenance, Dominus Xul and Uncanny have all returned from the grave very recently.

Now, I'm not going to argue about whether this is a good or a bad thing in this writers opinion, it's both , but it is the reality of the current death metal scene. And needless to say, it's strange timing for Spawn of Possession to return with their first new material in six long years.

It begs the question: does anyone care anymore? Recent forays by many current technical death metal band closer to the sound Spawn of Possession helped establish have been at best sub-par. Artists like Obscura, Anomalous and Archspire have not done much to help set up Spawn of Possession's glorious return to the realm, and with Old-School death metal now so trendy, how could these members of the Old-New-Guard do much to make an impact?

Incurso does make and impact though. Boy does it ever, mostly by reminding everyone that the "death metal" part is still more important than the "technical" part, no matter how brain-meltingly technical an album is. And trust me, Incurso is just that: inhumanly precise, jazzy and wonderfully complex.

Tempos and riffs shift at light-speed, tearing across a galaxy of immeasurable complexity, eviscerating quasars and spewing their luminescence across the galactic horizon. The bass work is, as to be expected, is beyond compare: Erland Caspersen dominates this record, and the intro to "Spiritual Deception" is just incredibly awesome thanks to his effortlessly technical style.

The rest of the instruments follow suit, and there is little doubt that the members of Spawn of Possession are some of the finest musicians on the planet. Still, there are a lot of amazing musicians out there, and just because you can play doesn't mean you can write. But it's the writing on Incurso that makes stand head and shoulders above many of the bands modern contemporaries within this style of Death Metal. For starters, Incurso stays brutal, heavy and aggressive through-out.

Sure, things get jazzy and melodic, but the album never stops being heavy and nasty from a song-writing perspective. Spawn of Possession also find a way to keep things drenched in a layer of atmosphere, effectively using dissonance, melody and even the rare electronic or keyboard segment to give the entire album an air of cosmic creepiness. From a technical and song-writing perspective, Incurso delivers where releases from bands like Obscura and Fleshgod Apocalypse have failed miserably.

The same issue I had with the unquestionably brilliant Noctambulant rears it's head once again on Incurso however: an obnoxiously clean guitar sound that takes more from the album than it gives back. I understand why this happens: if you work this hard and this long on writing some of the most complex riffs in existence, you want people to able to make out each note without losing any in a sea of reverb or distortion.

But some of the very best technical death metal albums in history, if not the best, featured a filthy and nasty production sound: Nespithe , None So Vile , Effigy of the Forgotten , Onset of Putrefaction.

Even Spawn of Possession's first full length album Cabinet was no where near so clean or sterile sounding. Thankfully, Incurso is not quite as slick sounding as Noctambulant and the drum triggers are far less obnoxious, but Incurso is clean enough to be occasionally annoying That said, beyond the guitar sound and the ugly cover art I really cannot stand these Dan Seagrave-inspired covers so many tech death and brutal death metal bands use , Incurso is a wonderful return to form for Spawn of Possession.

Death metal as a scene has no doubt changed since they left, but quality death metal will always be the rule that we all go by. Without a doubt, Incurso is an album of unquestionable quality, brutality and complexity. I always liked Spawn of Possession. Really good band. Good technical death metal. This is not that band. Good bands go south; bands disappoint. Sometimes not so good bands get a bit better. But here, you have a rare thing: a really good band, getting a lot better.

In fact, I don't know that I've ever been this blind-sided by a band's overwhelming skill and artistic prowess. To get the mandatory description out of the way: strangely understandable vocals with awesomely demented lyrics; tight, technical drumming; dark, grand classical-inspired riffs, great basslines. The most technically demanding technical death metal you will ever hear.

That says little about why I love this album so much. One reason is that it feels fresh although it draws heavily from a style of music that is hundreds of years old: classical music. Allow me to be a music snob for a second: In the modern vernacular of uneducated persons talking about music, "neo-classical" generally means a rock or heavy metal framework with fast guitar work favoring the harmonic minor scale.

This is a misnomer, as in almost any regard this music bares little resemblance to classical music, save for some aspects of the tonality of baroque music. When most people think of classical music, aside from the above, they think of the instrumentation violins, timpani, flute, etc. Neither is it's defining feature. What makes classical what it is, is every part of the music moving together and yet in it's own direction.

That there are many ideas, many things being said all at once, while the greater idea is kept in tact. That, is what this album is. Complex harmonies, multiple rhythms occuring at once, ideas manifesting in many ways. All while painting a broader picture. That is classical music, and that is this album. The darkness, the uniqueness, of this album, are also place it very high up to me. It's something hard to define.

I've listened to a great deal of dark music in my life, but it is rare to come across an album so profoundly dark, it just fucking oozes atmosphere. For all it's insane technicality to still have so much emotional depth? That is truly a feat unmatched. Because of the mind-numbing complexity of the music, it allows for extremely high number of listens. It's difficult to get worn out on a song, when you hear something new every time you listen to it. Which again, is something I normally only experience with classical music.

Other than the renowned technical death metal guitarist Christian Munzner joining the band, I'm not sure how they managed to ascend to such a height. In order for music to remain alive, it must be pushed into new directions, and that is why this album is needed. Maybe it's just me personally, but it sure feels like music as a whole needed this album to be made. I could go on, and on, about how this music is more like classical than anything, about how richly complex it is, about everything that makes it special and remarkable, etc.

A masterpiece. Spawn of Possession were already quite revered in the tech death underground for their innovative releases Cabinet and Noctambulant, incredibly strong albums that somehow failed to net them the attention of larger international markets. This is all about to change, however, with the release of Incurso. Sub-tropical cyclones can transform into tropical or extra-tropical storms depending on conditions.

However, the term refers to cyclones that get their energy from the horizontal temperature contrasts that exist in the atmosphere. Extra-tropical cyclones are low-pressure systems generally associated with cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts.

They are asymmetrical and have a cold core. A post-tropical cyclone is a former tropical cyclone that no longer possesses sufficient characteristics to be considered a tropical cyclone, such as convection at its center. Post-tropical cyclones can continue producing heavy rains and high winds.

Former tropical cyclones that have become fully extra-tropical, sub-tropical, or remnant lows , are three classes of post-tropical cyclones. Neutercane is a term no longer in use. This is the time at the Prime Meridian given in hours and minutes on a 24 hour clock.

The conversion table for local times can be found below. On most satellite pictures and radar images the time will be given. To convert this to your local time it is necessary to subtract the appropriate number of hours for the Western Hemisphere or add the correct number of hours for the Eastern Hemisphere. Central Dense Overcast CDO — This is the cirrus cloud shield that results from the thunderstorms in the eyewall of a tropical cyclone and its rainbands.

Once the storm reaches the hurricane strength threshold, usually an eye can be seen in either the infrared or visible channels of the satellites. TUTTs are different than mid-latitude troughs in that they are maintained by subsidence warming near the tropopause which balances radiational cooling.

TUTTs are important for tropical cyclone forecasting as they can force large amounts of vertical wind shear over tropical disturbances and tropical cyclones which may inhibit their strengthening. Currently, there are six yearly lists used in rotation found here.

If a particularly damaging storm occurs, the name of that storm is retired. Storms retired in include Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate. If there are more storms than names on the list in a given season, an auxiliary name list is used. Lastly, if a storm happens to move across basins, it keeps the original name. The only time it is renamed is in the case that it dissipates to a tropical disturbance and then reforms. This is to prevent confusion with a historically well-known cyclone with a current one in the Atlantic basin.

Sometimes names are removed for other reasons, such as cultural considerations or politics. For much of history, tropical cyclones were only given designations post facto. The first use of a proper name for a tropical cyclone was by Clement Wragge, an Australian forecaster late in the 19th century. When Reid Bryson, E. However, the Air Forces were unable to persuade the U. During the busy hurricane season there were three hurricanes occurring simultaneously in the Atlantic basin, causing considerable confusion.

By the next year, these names began appearing in newspaper articles. This practice proved popular. However, in a new International phonetic alphabet was adopted Alpha-Beta-Charlie-etc. This was both controversial and popular. This was first implemented in the eastern Pacific then in in the Atlantic. In , three storms were detected in the Central Pacific, and the military forecast centers called them Kanoa, Della and Nina.

The next year an official name list for tropical cyclones was drawn up for the Northeast Pacific basin. As of 1 January , tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific basin are now being named from a new and very different list.

The Philippine weather service PAGASA maintains their own separate list of names for any tropical system that threatens their archipelago. The North Indian Ocean region tropical cyclones were named as of Prior to the adoption of such lists, alphanumeric designators were used. A rare South Atlantic storm in was post facto given the name Catarina. Another such system in was designated Anita after the fact. Starting in , a name list was begun for the South Atlantic basin using mostly Brazilian designations.

Dunn, G. Press, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, pp. Well, we all found out the answer in and In those years, when they ran through the name list they then use the Greek alphabet : Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon,… etc. In , they made it to Iota on the list. Since several Greek-letter storms that year were damaging enough to have their names retired, it was decided to scrap this scheme and instead come up with an auxiliary name list each year.

The same was done for the East Pacific name lists. In the Central and West Pacific they have a perpetual lists of names, so when one list is through they simply start on the next. The Atlantic basin, which falls under Regional Association IV, has a six year supply of names with 21 names for each year. Why 21 names? Well, the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z are not used because names beginning with those letters are in short supply you would need at least 3 male and 3 female names for each letter, plus a backup supply for those retired.

Think about it; how many men and women do you know whose names begin with these letters? A retired name is replaced with a like-gender name beginning with the same letter. For example, Honduras recommended the name Mitch be retired and proposed the replacement name, Matthew, for consideration and vote by the member countries of the Regional Association-IV.

Eighty-three names have been retired in the Atlantic basin. The names used on the list must meet some fundamental criteria. They should be short, and readily understood when broadcast. Further the names must be culturally sensitive and not convey some unintended and potentially inflammatory meaning.

The potential for misunderstanding increases when you figure that in the Atlantic basin there are twenty-four countries, reflecting an international mix of English, Spanish and French cultures.

Typically, over the historical record, about one storm each year causes so much death and destruction that its name is considered for retirement. The Region IV Naming Committee has a rather large file folder of nominated names that have already been submitted. They will take out this file to make a selection. It is used by computer software to identify tropical cyclones and assist in the generation of forecast messages.

In order to distinguish different tropical cyclones that might be occurring simultaneously, a distinct alphanumeric code is assigned to each cyclone once it develops a closed circulation. This code system was adopted by other warning centers in order to facilitate the passing of storm information and reduce confusion. So, the first depression to form in the Atlantic for would be AL, the third depression for the Central Pacific in would be CP A cyclone retains its ATCF code designation as long as it remains a distinct tropical vortex.

Even if it becomes a named tropical storm or hurricane the software will still track it by its ATCF code. Oftentimes, hurricane specialists become curious about disturbances in the tropics long before they form into tropical depressions and are given a tropical cyclone number. In order to alert forecasting centers that they are investigating such a disturbance and that they wish to have it tracked by the various forecast models, the specialist will attach a 9-series number to it.

The first such disturbance of the year will be designated 90, the next 91, and so on until After that, they restart the sequence with 90 again.

The purpose of these numbers is to clarify which disturbance they are tracking as there are often more than one happening at the same time. To further clarify matters, each number is accompanied by a two-letter code designating which tropical cyclone basin the disturbance is in. In discussions, these designations will be shortened to 90L, 91L, and so forth.

However, once a disturbance is designated a tropical depression this 9-series number will be dropped and an ATCF code number will be assigned in its place. You may also occasionally see an 8-series number, such as AL This means that this is a test investigation.

This is to prevent confusion with a historically well-known cyclone and a current one in the Atlantic basin. The following list gives the names that have been retired and the year of the storm in question.

Name retired because of previous storm in with the same name. Although rarer, some East Pacific names have been retired from the list. The climatology of this basin has most hurricanes moving away from the shore, so chances are rare that these storms would adversely affect people necessitating the name be retired.

A few Central Pacific names have been retired from their list. Most of them were removed for inflicting damage or adversely affecting the Hawaiian Islands. However, some have moved into the western Pacific to cause destructions, prompting their retirement.

Names retired before the season come from the name lists used by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Since , the names removed come from the name lists used by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Most of the retired names inflicted significant damage to the nations affected. Bess was retired after the season and replaced with Bonnie.

In , new name lists featuring both sexes were introduced and Bess was added back. In , Bess was again retired and replaced with Brenda. Later he destroyed the men of wood with a great storm and flood. Through trade Mayan religious beliefs spread throughout the Caribbean. Spanish sailors began to refer to these tropical storms by the name of the Taino storm god.

Throughout history there have been many alternative spellings in different languages: foracan, foracane, furacana, furacane, furicane, furicano, haracana, harauncana, haraucane, haroucana, harrycain, hauracane, haurachana, herican, hericane, hericano, herocane, herricao, herycano, heuricane, hiracano, hirecano, hurac[s]n, huracano, hurican, hurleblast, hurlecan, hurlecano, hurlicano, hurrican, hurricano, hyrracano, urycan, hyrricano, jimmycane, oraucan, uracan, uracano.

In order for a tropical cyclone to form, several atmospheric and marine conditions must be met. They also need an atmosphere which cools fast enough with increasing height so that the difference between the top and bottom of the atmosphere can create thunderstorm conditions.

A moist mid-troposphere 3 miles high is also needed because dry air ingested into thunderstorms at mid-level can kill the circulation.

The force is greatest at the poles and zero at the equator, so the storm must be at least miles from the equator in order for the Coriolis force to create the spin. This force causes hurricanes in the Northern hemisphere to rotate counter-clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere to rotate clockwise. This spin may play some role in helping tropical cyclones to organize. As a side note: the Coriolis force is not strong enough to affect small containers such as in sinks and toilets.

The notion that the water flushes the other way in the opposite hemisphere is a myth. Wind: Low vertical wind shear the change of wind speed and direction with height between the surface and the upper troposphere favors the thunderstorm formation, which provides the energy for tropical cyclones. Too much wind shear will disrupt or weaken the convection. Having these conditions met is necessary but not sufficient, as many disturbances that appear to have favorable conditions do not develop.

Past work Velasco and Fritsch , Chen and Frank , Emanuel has identified that large thunderstorm systems called mesoscale convective complexes often produce an inertially stable, warm core vortex in the trailing altostratus decks of the MCC. These mesovortices have a horizontal scale of approximately to km [75 to mi], are strongest in the mid-troposphere 5 km [3 mi] and have no appreciable signature at the surface. Zehr hypothesizes that genesis of the tropical cyclones occurs in two stages:.

Stage 2 occurs when a second blow up of convection at the mesoscale vortex initiates the intensification process of lowering central pressure and increasing swirling winds. References: Graham, N. Barnett, Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science , No. Gray, W. Shaw Ed. Chen, S. Emanuel, K. Tropical Cyclone Disasters J. Lighthill, Z. Zhemin, G. Holland, K. Emanuel Eds.

Palmen, E. Geophysica , Univ. Velasco, I. Zehr, R. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC , pp. In addition to hurricane-favorable conditions such as temperature and humidity, many repeating atmospheric phenomenon contribute to causing and intensifying tropical cyclones.

For example, African Easterly Waves AEW are winds in the lower troposphere ocean surface to 3 miles above that originate and travel from Africa at speeds of about 3-mph westward as a result of the African Easterly Jet. These winds are seen from April until November.

It is a mass of dry, mineral-rich, dusty air that forms over the Sahara from late spring to early fall and moves over the tropical North Atlantic every days at speeds of mph meters per second. These air masses are miles deep and exist in the lower troposphere.

They can be as wide as the continental US and have significant moderating impacts on tropical cyclone intensity and formation because the dry, intense air can deprive the storm of moisture and wind shear can interfere with its convection. However, disturbances on the periphery of the Saharan Air Layer can receive a boost in their convection and spin. An upper atmospheric perturbation known as the Madden-Julian Oscillation MJO can travel around the globe on a time-scale of weeks.

As its positive phase passes over an area it can bring favorable conditions for convection, while its negative phase can suppress it. This can affect forming tropical cyclones either giving them a boost or hindering them.

The numbers range from none to around five per year — with an average of 2 per year. References: Dunn, G. Riehl, H. Burpee, R. Landsea, C. Avila, L. When a tropical disturbance organizes into a tropical depression, the thunderstorms will begin to line up in spiral bands along the inflowing wind.

The winds will begin to increase, and eventually the inner bands will close off into an eyewall, surrounding a central calm area known as the eye. This usually happens around the time wind speeds reach hurricane force. When the hurricane reaches its mature stage, eyewall replacement cycles may begin. Each cycle will be accompanied by fluctuations in the strength of the storm.

Peak winds may diminish when a new eyewall replaces the old, but then re-strengthen as the new eyewall becomes established. If the storm passes through an area of high vertical wind shear or dry air the storm could be weakened. However, if it continues to pick up moisture from a warm environment, then it could become a major hurricane.

Hurricanes are driven by larger scale circulation patterns. In the Atlantic this ridge is often called the Bermuda High due to its location. South of the ridge the circulation drives tropical cyclones westward with a slight poleward component.

But when the cyclone reaches the westward edge of the ridge it will tend to move around the high first poleward then easterly. This is known as recurvature. This motion means that many Atlantic hurricanes may recurve back out to sea without ever making landfall. If a hurricane reaches the mid-latitudes, it can interact with fronts. Often the energy and moisture of tropical cyclones will be absorbed into such fronts, transitioning into extratropical low pressure storms.

Studies have shown that this process can increase the unpredictability of mid-latitude weather downstream for days following. However, some hurricanes will make landfall. Striking an island, especially a mountainous one, could cause its circulation to break down.

If it hits a continent, a hurricane will be cut off from its supply of warm, moist maritime air. It will also begin to draw in dry continental air, which combined with increased friction over land leads to the weakening and eventual death of the hurricane. Over mountainous terrain this will be a quick end.

But over flat areas, it may take two to three days to break down the circulation. Even then you are still left with a large pocket of tropical moisture which can cause substantial inland flooding. There have been studies on the rate of storm decay once they make landfall Demaria Kaplan Decay Model. References: Willoughby, H. Willoughby, H. Clos, and M. Powell, M. Forecasting , 11, pp. Tuleya, R. Tropical cyclones — to a first approximation — can be thought of as being steered by the surrounding environmental flow throughout the depth of the troposphere from the surface to about 12 km or 8 mi.

Neil Frank, former director of the U. National Hurricane Center, used the analogy that the movement of hurricanes is like a leaf being steered by the currents in the stream, except that for with a hurricane the stream has no set boundaries. This is because there exists an axis of high pressure called the subtropical ridge that extends east-west poleward of the storm.

On the equatorward side of the subtropical ridge, general easterly winds prevail. However, if the subtropical ridge is weak — often times due to a trough in the jet stream — the tropical cyclone may turn poleward and then recurve back toward the east.

On the poleward side of the subtropical ridge, westerly winds prevail thus steering the tropical cyclone back to the east. These westerly winds are the same ones that typically bring extratropical cyclones with their cold and warm fronts from west to east. Many times it is difficult to tell whether a trough will allow the tropical cyclone to recurve back out to sea for those folks on the eastern edges of continents or whether the tropical cyclone will continue straight ahead and make landfall.

Storm tide is the combination of the storm surge and astronomical tide as a result of a storm. Storm surge is caused by the force of high wind speeds acting on the ocean surface combined with the forward speed of the storm. The height of a storms surge is determined by the approaching angle of the storm as well as the coastline characteristics, such as the shape of the continental shelf and local geographic features, such as inlets. The degree of vulnerability of any stretch of coast is dependent on a number of factors which includes the central pressure, intensity, forward speed, storm size, angle of approach, width and slope of the off-shore continental shelf, and local bays and inlets.

Sometimes these updates include higher grid size resolution to improve surge representation, increasing areas covered by hypothetical tracks for improved accuracy, conversion to updated vertical reference datums, and including the latest topography or bathymetric data for better representation of barrier, gaps, passes, and other local features.

Deterministic runs This is an operational product based on the official NHC track and intensity forecast of a tropical cyclone. Operational SLOSH runs are generated whenever a hurricane warning is issued, approximately 36 hours prior to arrival of tropical storm winds.

It is run every 6 hours coinciding with the full advisory package. This product is intended to provide valuable surge information in support of rescue and recovery efforts. P-Surge is available whenever a hurricane watch or warning is in effect. It is posted on the NHC webpage within approximately 30 minutes after the advisory release time. Maximum Envelope of Water MEOW runs This is an ensemble product representing the maximum height of storm surge water in a given basin grid cell using hypothetical storms run with the same:.

Internally a number of parallel SLOSH runs with same intensity, forward speed, storm trajectory, and initial tide level are performed for the basin.

The only difference in runs is that each is conducted at some distance to the left or to the right of the main track typically at the center of the grid. Each component run computes a storm surge value for each grid cell. For example, five parallel runs may yield storm surge values of 4. In this case, the MEOW for the cell is 7. It is unknown to the user which track generated the MEOW for a particular cell, so it is entirely possible that the MEOW values for adjacent cells may have come from different runs.

MEOWs are used to incorporate the uncertainties associated with a given forecast and help eliminate the possibility that a critical storm track will be missed in which extreme storm surge values are generated.

MEOWs provide a worst case scenario for a particular category, forward speed, storm trajectory, and initial tide level incorporating uncertainty in forecast landfall location. Over 80 MEOWs have been generated for some basins. This product provides useful information aiding in hurricane evacuation planning. Maximum of MEOW MOM runs This is an ensemble product of maximum storm surge heights for all hurricanes of a given category regardless of forward speed, storm trajectory, landfall location, etc.

This procedure is done for each category of storm. It is able to resolve flow through barriers, gaps, and passes and model deep passes between bodies of water. It also resolves inland inundation and the overtopping of barrier systems, levees, and roads.

It can even resolve coastal reflections of surges such as coastally trapped Kelvin waves. However it does not model the impacts of waves on top of the surge, account for normal river flow or rain flooding, nor does it explicitly model the astronomical tide although operational runs can be run with different water level anomalies to model conditions at the onset of operational runs.

Surprisingly, not much lightning occurs in the inner core within about km or 60 mi of the tropical cyclone center. Only around a dozen or less cloud-to-ground strikes per hour occur around the eyewall of the storm, in strong contrast to an overland mid-latitude mesoscale convective complex which may be observed to have lightning flash rates of greater than per hour maintained for several hours.

However, lightning can be more common in the outer cores of the storms beyond around km or 60 mi with flash rates on the order of s per hour. This lack of inner core lightning is due to the relative weak nature of the eyewall thunderstorms. Weaker updrafts lack the super-cooled water e. The more common outer core lightning occurs in conjunction with the presence of convectively-active rainbands Samsury and Orville One of the exciting possibilities that recent lightning studies have suggested is that changes in the inner core strikes — though the number of strikes is usually quite low — may provide a useful forecast tool for intensification of tropical cyclones.

Black suggested that bursts of inner core convection which are accompanied by increases in electrical activity may indicate that the tropical cyclone will soon commence a deepening in intensity. Analyses of Hurricanes Diana , Florence and Andrew , as well as an unnamed tropical storm in indicate that this is often true Lyons and Keen and Molinari et al.

References: Molinari, J. Moore, V. Idone, R. Henderson, and A. Black, R. Samsury, C. Black, P. Lyons, W. How does this occur? When the strong winds of a hurricane move over the ocean they churn-up much cooler water from below. The magnitude and distribution of the cooling pattern shown in this illustration is fairly typical for a post-storm SST analysis.

The amount of ocean cooling that occurs directly beneath the hurricane within the high wind region of the storm is a much more important question scientists would like to have answered. Hurricanes get their energy from the warm ocean water beneath them. However, in order to get a more accurate estimate of just how much energy is being transferred from the sea to the storm, scientists need to know ocean temperature conditions directly beneath the hurricane.

In most cases, the ocean temperature under a hurricane will range somewhere between 0. Exactly how much depends on many factors including ocean structure beneath the storm i.

While the estimates in Figure 2 represent a dramatic improvement when it comes to more accurately representing actual SST cooling patterns experienced under a hurricane, even small errors in inner core SST can result in significant miscalculations when it comes to accurately assessing how much energy is transferred from the warm ocean environment directly to the hurricane. These efforts include statistical studies, modeling efforts and enhanced observational capabilities designed to help scientists better assess upper ocean thermal conditions under the storm.

It is believed that future forecasts of tropical cyclone intensity change will be significantly improved. Reference: Cione, J. Monthly Weather Review , , The Eye is a roughly circular area of fair weather found at the center of a severe tropical storm. The eye is the region of the lowest pressure at the surface and the warmest temperatures at the top. Eye size ranges from miles across, but most are miles in diameter. Understanding exactly how the eye forms has been controversial. Some scientists believe the radial spreading of the wind creates a warm dry down flow from the upper atmosphere, and this forms the cloud-free eye.

The Bronx may have been burning in the s, but creative innovators in the troubled borough were positively igniting the world of music with the new sounds of hip hop. That era of the first scratches, breaks, backspins, MC battles and more is documented in the fictional Netflix series The Get Down , and in the stellar PBS series Soundbreaking , which covers the history of recorded music over eight episodes.

No neighborhood in New York City, or for that matter in the entire nation, has been more important in the rise of hip hop than the Morrisania section of the Bronx. Grandwizard Theodore perfected the art of scratching in outdoor jams in Morrisania schoolyards, while Lovebug Starski honed his skills in discos held at a Morrisania Burger King. The Morrisania story shows how hip hop is both an extension of, as well as a departure from, styles of African American, Caribbean and Latin music that thrived in South Bronx neighborhoods in the years after World War II.

Four blocks away, on Westchester Avenue off rd street, stood the Tropicana, one of the most dynamic Latin music clubs outside of Havana, where Machito, Tito Rodriguez, and Tito Puente often headed the bill.